Uterine fibroids: Recognizing the indicators, as disclosed by Venus Williams, FKA Twigs, and Lupita Nyong'o

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus. These common health issues affect up to eight in ten females by the age of menopause.

Uterine fibroids tend to grow during the reproductive years when hormone levels are at their highest and often shrink after the menopause when hormone levels decline. They can vary in size from a few millimetres to very large masses that can significantly change the shape of the uterus.

Some common symptoms of uterine fibroids include heavy periods and severe cramps, discomfort and fullness in the pelvic area, urinary frequency, constipation, or urinary retention, as well as pain during sex. Large fibroids can also lead to mass and pressure effects, potentially causing central degeneration, pain, and swelling. In some cases, fibroids may cause pressure on pelvic blood vessels, potentially leading to swelling of legs, deep vein thrombosis, and back pressure on the kidneys.

Fibroids located in the wall of the uterus (intramural fibroids) are more likely to cause infertility compared to those located outside of the uterus (subserosal fibroids). Some people may experience fertility issues due to fibroids affecting the shape of the cavity of the womb.

Black women disproportionately affected by uterine fibroids. Certain lifestyle and health factors, such as obesity, early onset of menstruation, and being of Black African or Caribbean descent, are associated with a higher risk of developing fibroids.

There are several treatment options available for uterine fibroids. Non-surgical procedures include uterine artery embolisation, endometrial ablation, MRI-guided ablation, and ultrasound-guided ablation. Surgery for treating fibroids includes myomectomy, hysteroscopic resection of fibroids, and hysterectomy (as a last resort).

If symptoms such as heavy periods, constant pelvic pressure, frequent urination, or difficulties in trying to conceive persist, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. Genetic factors also play a role in the development of uterine fibroids, and research is ongoing to better understand the complex interplay between genetics, hormones, and environmental factors in the formation of these growths.